Kutheni Izityalo Zeekhemikhali Zidinga Iifowuni Ezingaqhumiyo Kwiindawo Eziyingozi?

• Iifowuni ezingaqhumiyo zinciphisa umngcipheko wokutsha kwiindawo zezityalo zeekhemikhali ezichongiweyo ngokusebenzisa iindawo ezivalekileyo eziqinisekisiweyo kunye neesekethe ezikhuselweyo.
• Ukuthembeka konxibelelwano kubaluleke kakhulu kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo, xa ii-alamu, ingxolo, kunye nokuphazamiseka kwenkqubo kunokwenza iifowuni eziqhelekileyo zingasebenzi.
• Ukukhetha kufanele kuqale ngendawo enobungozi, emva koko kuqale ngesiqinisekiso esifunekayo, indlela yokuyifaka, kunye nesicwangciso sokulungisa.
• Kumaqela okuthenga, ifowuni engcono kakhulu yileyo ihambelana nokuhlelwa kwendawo yesityalo, indlela esebenza ngayo impendulo, kunye neendleko zomjikelo wobomi.

Kunxibelelwano lwezityalo zeekhemikhali, ifowuni efanelekileyo engaqhumiyo kwizityalo zeekhemikhali sisixhobo sokhuseleko kuqala kwaye isixhobo sonxibelelwano emva koko sisixhobo sonxibelelwano, kuba ulwahlulo lwendawo, ulawulo lokutsha, kunye nexesha lokuphendula zonke zibalulekile. Ingqiqo yobunjineli ilula: ukuba indawo iphatha umphunga ovuthayo, iigesi, okanye uthuli, isiphelo ngokwaso akufuneki sibe yingozi. Imigangatho kunye neenkqubo zovavanyo ezifanaIECEx, I-ISO 80079-36kunye ne-US Occupational Safety and Health Administration'sisikhokelo seendawo ezinobungozibonisa ukuba kutheni uyilo lwendawo ebiyelweyo, ulawulo lobushushu, kunye noqeqesho lokufakela zizinto ezibalulekileyo ekusebenzeni ngokukhuselekileyo.

Kutheni ifowuni engaqhumiyo kwizityalo zeekhemikhali iyimfuneko yokhuseleko, kungekhona into elula

Isizathu esiphambili sokuba izityalo zeekhemikhali zifune iinkqubo zefowuni ezinobungozi kukuba izixhobo zonxibelelwano zinokufaka iintlantsi zombane, iindawo ezishushu, okanye iziphene zokufakelwa kwiindawo apho umthombo omncinci wokutsha unokubangela ingozi enkulu.

Iiyunithi zemveliso yeekhemikhali zihlala ziquka iindawo zeereactor, iindawo zokuphatha i-solvent, ii-loading racks, iifama zeetanki, kunye nee-utility corridors, zonke ezinokuba neendawo ezikhethiweyo. Kwezo ndawo, i-handset eqhelekileyo yemizi-mveliso isenokungaphumeleli kwingqiqo yokhuseleko lwesityalo nokuba ibonakala iqinile. Yiyo loo nto amaqela okuthenga kufuneka athelekise ifowuni yemizi-mveliso eqhelekileyo ne-ifowuni engaqhumiyokwaye singacingi ukuba “uxolo” luthetha “ukhuseleko kwiindawo ezinobungozi.”

Isifundo esibalulekileyo kukuba unxibelelwano lwezityalo zamakhemikhali kufuneka lulungiselelwe ingozi, lungalungiswa emva koko. Ifowuni esindayo emvuleni okanye eluthulini ayikhuselekanga ngokuzenzekelayo kwindawo ehleliweyo.

Imigangatho yefowuni yeendawo ezinobungozi ekufuneka ihlolwe ngamaqela okuthenga

Isiqinisekiso yeyona ndlela ikhawulezayo yokwahlula isixhobo esithobelayo kwibango lokuthengisa.

Kwiindawo eziqhumayo, ezona zikhokelo zifanelekileyo ngamaxwebhu ochungechunge lwe-IEC 60079 kunye nezinto ezifanayo nezikwindawo. Umzekelo,I-IEC 60079-0ichaza iimfuno eziqhelekileyo zezixhobo kwiindawo eziqhumayo, ngelixaI-IEC 60079-1Igubungela iindawo ezivalekileyo ezingatshiyo. Kwicala laseMntla Melika, isikhokelo seendawo ezinobungozi se-OSHA kunye nesakhelo seNational Fire Protection Association zisetyenziswa rhoqo kwimisebenzi yokuthobela imithetho yezityalo, ingakumbi apho izixhobo zombane zihlolwa ngobunjineli, i-EHS, kunye nokugcinwa kunye.

Indlela echanekileyo yokuvuma ixhomekeke kuhlu lwezityalo, kodwa ingqiqo yesigqibo iyahambelana: chonga indawo, qinisekisa ingcamango yokhuseleko, kwaye uqinisekise iimeko zokusebenza eziphawulweyo zesixhobo. Ukuba ifowuni ifakelwe apho kunokubakho iigesi okanye umphunga, isiqinisekiso kufuneka sihambelane naloo meko yokusetyenziswa, kungekhona ilebhile "yemizi-mveliso" eqhelekileyo.

Ingqiqo ebalulekileyo kukuba isiqinisekiso asiyonto isemthethweni. Sichaza apho iyunithi inokufakelwa khona, indlela exhunywa ngayo, kunye neendlela zokulungisa ezivumelekileyo ngaphandle kokuphelisa iingcamango zokhuseleko.

Iimfuno zonxibelelwano lwezityalo zekhemikhali kwiimeko zokusebenza zokwenyani

Unxibelelwano oluthembekileyo lwezityalo ezineekhemikhali kufuneka luhlale ixesha elide kunokusetyenziswa kweofisi okuqhelekileyo.

Enyanisweni, ifowuni inokufuneka isebenze ngexesha lokuhamba kwepompo, i-alamu yokuvuza kwegesi, ukuphazamiseka kwamandla, okanye uthotho lokucima xa abantu benxibe iiglavu, izikhuselo zokuva, kunye nezikhuselo zobuso. Oko kuthetha ukuba ulawulo olukhulu, imiqondiso evakalayo, kunye nokudluliselwa kwelizwi okucacileyo kubaluleke ngaphezu kweempawu zesitayile somthengi. Ixabiso lesixhobo lilinganiswa ngexesha leziganeko ezingaqhelekanga, kungekhona ezolileyo.

Ukusebenza komsindo kubaluleke kakhulu kwiindawo zezityalo ezinengxolo ephezulu. Umda wokuvezwa ovumelekileyo we-OSHA kumashishini ngokubanzi yi-90 dBA njengomndilili wexesha leeyure ezi-8, kwaye iindawo ezininzi zenkqubo zikhulu kakhulu kunoko ngexesha lokusebenza. Kwiindawo ezinjalo, ifowuni yongxamiseko yemizi-mveliso eyilwe kakuhle kufuneka inciphise iifowuni eziphosiweyo, ilula ukuyifowuna, kwaye ixhase intetho ecacileyo phantsi koxinzelelo lwengxolo.

Kubasebenzisi abavavanya amaqonga onxibelelwano lwezityalo, uyilo olubanzi lwesiza lungabandakanyaifowuni yemizi-mvelisousapho lweendawo zezityalo ngokubanzi,ifowuni engxamisekileyo yemizi-mvelisokwiindawo zokuphendula ezibalulekileyo, kunye nobunzimaifowuni ekwaziyo ukumelana nemozulukwiindawo ezivulekileyo okanye ezihlanjwa ngamanzi. Iindawo ezahlukeneyo zifuna iingcamango ezahlukeneyo zokhuseleko.

• Ukufowunela ngexesha likaxakeka kufanele kwenzeke ngamanyathelo amancinci.
• Isandi kufuneka sihlale siqondakala ngaphezu kwengxolo yezixhobo kunye nenkqubo.
• Izixhobo zokulawula mazisetyenziswe ngeeglavu kwaye kwiimeko zokukhanya okuphantsi.
• Ukufikelela kulondolozo kufuneka kube lula ngokwaneleyo kwiingcali zezityalo.

Iimpawu zoyilo lwefowuni ezithintela ukuqhuma ezinciphisa umngcipheko kunye nexesha lokungasebenzi

Uyilo lwefowuni olungcono kakhulu kwindawo enobungozi lugxile ekuthinteleni ukutsha, ukumelana nomonakalo, kunye nokuhlala lulungele ukulungiswa.

Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ziquka iindawo ezivalekileyo ezingatshiyo okanye ezikhuselweyo, izinto ezimelana nokugqwala, iikeypad ezivaliweyo, iindawo ezibonakala kakhulu, kunye nezixhobo zesandi ezilungiselelwe i-acoustics yemizi-mveliso. Kwizityalo zeekhemikhali, ezi mpawu azikho ukuze zithuthuzeleke; zikhona ukuze zigcine ukusebenza ngokugqwala, ukungcangcazela, kunye nokuhamba ngemoto okungxamisekileyo.

Ukuqina komphezulu nako kubalulekile. Nangona ifowuni isenokungachaphazeleki sisivuthuvuthu, isenokubona utshintsho lobushushu, ukuchitheka kwesinyibilikisi, kunye nokucoca ngamandla. Injongo yobunjineli kukuthembeka kwexesha elide, kungekhona into entsha yexesha elifutshane.

Izityalo ezisemgangathweni kusapho lwesixhobo esinye kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuba zifanelekile ngokwendawo. Imodeli ekwaziyo ukumelana nemozulu okanye ekwaziyo ukutshabalalisa inokuba ntle kakhulu kwindawo yokusetyenziswa kodwa ingonelanga kwindawo yokucubungula ehleliweyo.

Indlela yokukhetha ifowuni kwindawo enobungozi kwisityalo seekhemikhali

Inkqubo yokukhetha echanekileyo iqala ngemephu yengozi, hayi kwikhathalogu.

Iqela elinobungcali bokuthenga kufuneka liqinisekise ulwahlulo lweendawo, iqela legesi okanye iqela lothuli, udidi lobushushu olufunekayo, indawo yokufakela, kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wolondolozo. Ezi parameters zimisela ukuba imveliso ifanelekile na kwinjongo yayo. Ukhetho olungalunganga lunokudala ukuphinda kusetyenziswe, ukulibaziseka kokuhlolwa, okanye umsantsa wokuthobela imithetho emva kokufakwa.

1. Qinisekisa ulwahlulo lwendawo kunye nokuba ingozi isekelwe kwigesi, umphunga, okanye uthuli.
2. Tshatisa ingcamango yokhuseleko nomgangatho ofunekayo kunye nophawu lokuvunywa.
3. Jonga ukuba ifowuni ifuna ukuxhonywa eludongeni, ukuxhonywa kwipali, okanye ukuhlanganiswa kwekhabhinethi.
4. Vavanya iimfuno zesandi kwindawo yengxolo yokwenyani.
5. Hlola iindawo zokuncedisa, ixesha lokufumana izinto, kunye nokufikelela kulondolozo ngaphambi kokuba uthenge.

Ukukhetha kuxhomekeke kwindlela isityalo esisebenzisa ngayo esi sixhobo. I-loading rack inokuba luncedo kakhulu ekukhawuleziseni ukunxibelelana okungxamisekileyo, ngelixa iyunithi yenkqubo ingadinga ulungelelwaniso oluzolileyo kodwa oluthembekileyo. Kuzo zombini iimeko, ifowuni kufuneka ixhase umsebenzi wokwenyani endaweni yokunyanzela abaqhubi ukuba basebenzise ujongano oluqhelekileyo.

Apho ifowuni engaqhumiyo yezityalo zeekhemikhali inika ixabiso elikhulu

Inzuzo ephezulu ivela kwiindawo apho ukungaphumeleli konxibelelwano kuya kulibazisa impendulo okanye kwandise ukuchatshazelwa.

Iindawo eziqhelekileyo zokusasazwa ziquka iindawo ze-reactor, indawo yokugcina i-solvent, iiyunithi zokunyibilikisa, iifama zeetanki, izitishi zokudlulisela, iindawo zokulayisha, ii-perimeters zegumbi lolawulo, kunye neendlela zokuphuma ngexesha likaxakeka. Ezi ziindawo apho umnxeba omnye ongaphendulwanga unokucothisa ukuphuma, uhlukanise umsebenzi, okanye ulibazise ukuqinisekiswa kokuvalwa.

Ngokutsho kwe-US Bureau of Labor Statistics, imboni yabucala ibhalise izigidi ezingama-2.8 zokulimala kunye nezifo emsebenzini ezingabulaliyo ngo-2022, nto leyo egxininisa isizathu sokuba unxibelelwano oluthembekileyo lwezehlo lubalulekile kwimisebenzi enobungozi obukhulu. Ucingo olubekwe kakuhle kwindawo enobungozi aluyisusi ingozi yenkqubo, kodwa lunokunciphisa ixesha phakathi kokubhaqwa kwezehlo kunye nempendulo edibeneyo.

Kumaqela ezityalo akha umaleko onxibelelwano olubanzi,iifowuni ezimelana nemozuluzihlala zisetyenziswa kwiindawo ezingaphandle, ngelixaiimpondo zesithethi ezingaqhumiyoxhasa izilumkiso zokusasazwa kwiindawo ezivulekileyo ezinobungozi. Uyilo kufuneka luhambelane nomsebenzi wexesha likaxakeka, kungabi yimali yezixhobo kuphela.

Idatha yokusebenza ekufuneka abathengi bayicele ngaphambi kokuba bachaze iyunithi

Abathengi kufuneka bacele ubungqina obulinganisekayo, kungekhona amabango aqhelekileyo.

Iphakheji yeenkcukacha ezibalulekileyo idla ngokuquka umlinganiselo wokhuseleko lokungena, uluhlu lobushushu bokusebenza, izinto ezivalekileyo, ukusebenza kwe-acoustic, kunye neenkcukacha zesatifikethi. Ukuba umthengisi akanakubonelela ngamaxwebhu, umngcipheko wokuthengwa utshintshela kumthengi.

Kubafundi bezobugcisa, ingongoma ebalulekileyo kukuba ixabiso lesixhobo liqinisekiswa bubungqina baso bovavanyo kunye nobubanzi besatifikethi. Isityalo asinakukwazi ukufumanisa ngokukhuselekileyo ukusebenza ngokujonga imbonakalo.

Iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo xa kuthengwa izixhobo zonxibelelwano lwezityalo zeekhemikhali

Eyona mpazamo ibiza kakhulu kukuthatha ifowuni enye eqinileyo inokusebenzela yonke indawo.

Enye impazamo eqhelekileyo kukugxila kwixabiso lokuthenga ngelixa ungayinaki into yokufaka, ukuqinisekiswa, kunye nokugcinwa. Iyunithi engabizi kakhulu efuna ukutshintshwa rhoqo okanye engaphumeleliyo ukuhlolwa inokubiza ngaphezulu kumjikelo wobomi kunemodeli echazwe ngokufanelekileyo.

• Ukuthenga isixhobo esimelana nemozulu kwindawo enobungozi ngaphandle kokujonga isiqinisekiso.
• Ukungawunaki umgangatho wengxolo nokukhetha ifowuni engavakali kakuhle.
• Ijonge indawo yokufakela, ukungena kwentambo, kunye nokufikelela ekuhlolweni.
• Ukungaphumeleli ukubandakanya i-EHS kunye nokugcinwa ngexesha lokuchazwa.
• Ukusebenzisa ifowuni eqhelekileyo yemizi-mveliso apho kufuneka imodeli egxile kwiimeko zongxamiseko.

Eyona ndlela ingcono kukuphatha ifowuni njengenxalenye yenkqubo yokhuseleko lwezityalo. Loo ndlela yokucinga inciphisa ukungangqinelani kwaye iphucula ukuthembeka kwexesha elide.

Imibuzo ebuzwa rhoqo malunga nefowuni engaqhumiyo kwizityalo zeekhemikhali

Yintoni ifowuni engaqhumiyo esetyenziselwa umzi-mveliso weekhemikhali?

Isetyenziselwa ukubonelela ngonxibelelwano oluthembekileyo lwelizwi kwiindawo ezikhethiweyo apho kunokubakho iigesi ezivuthayo, umphunga, okanye uthuli. Uyilo lwayo lunceda ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokutsha ngelixa lugcina unxibelelwano ngexesha lokusebenza okuqhelekileyo kunye neengxakeko.

Ngaba ifowuni yemizi-mveliso eqinileyo iyafana nefowuni yendawo enobungozi?

Hayi. Ifowuni yemizi-mveliso eqinileyo inokumelana nokuchaphazeleka, ukufuma, okanye ukonakala, kodwa oko akuthethi ukuba iqinisekisiwe ukuba inomoya oqhumayo. Ukusetyenziswa kwendawo enobungozi kufuna ingcamango yokhuseleko efanelekileyo kunye nobubanzi bokuvunywa.

Yeyiphi imigangatho ebaluleke kakhulu kwizixhobo zonxibelelwano ezinobungozi kwindawo ethile?

Iingxelo eziqhelekileyo ziquka i-IEC 60079-0, i-IEC 60079-1, kunye ne-ISO 80079-36, kunye neemfuno zengingqi kunye neendlela zokuvunywa kwendawo ethile. Umgangatho ochanekileyo uxhomekeke kwindawo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo.

Izityalo zeekhemikhali mazifake phi iifowuni ezikwaziyo ukumelana nokuqhuma?

Zihlala zifakwa kwiindawo zeereactor, iifama zeetanki, izikhululo zokulayisha, kunye neendawo zokufikelela kwimeko yengxamiseko apho unxibelelwano olukhawulezileyo lubalulekile kwaye umoya unokwahlulwahlulwa.

Ndingazi njani ukuba ifowuni ifanelekile kwindawo yam?

Jonga uphawu lwesixhobo, amaxwebhu esiqinisekiso, udidi lwegesi okanye uthuli, udidi lobushushu, kunye nemiyalelo yokufakela. Ukuba nayiphi na inxalenye yesikopu esivunyiweyo ayihambelani nendawo, ifowuni akufuneki isetyenziswe apho.

Zeziphi iimpawu ezibaluleke kakhulu xa zisetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza?

Ukufikelela ngokukhawuleza, isandi esicacileyo, ulawulo oluhambelana neeglavu, kunye nendawo evalekileyo eqinileyo ibaluleke kakhulu. Kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo, ubulula budla ngokuba ngcono kunezinye izinto ezintsonkothileyo.

Kutheni izityalo zeekhemikhali zihlala zidibanisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeefowuni?

Kuba ayizizo zonke iindawo ezineprofayili yomngcipheko ofanayo. Isityalo singasebenzisa iifowuni ezimelana nokuqhuma kwiindawo ezikhethiweyo, iifowuni ezimelana nemozulu ngaphandle, kunye neefowuni ezingxamisekileyo kwiindawo zokusabela ezibalulekileyo.

Ngamafutshane, izityalo zeekhemikhali zifuna iifowuni ezingaqhumiyo kuba unxibelelwano olukhuselekileyo kwiindawo ezinobungozi luxhomekeke kukhuseleko lombane kunye nokuthembeka kokusebenza. Isixhobo esifanelekileyo sinceda ukulawula umngcipheko wokutsha, sixhasa impendulo engxamisekileyo, kwaye sigcina unxibelelwano lwezityalo lusebenza xa iimeko zimbi kakhulu. Kumaqela okuthenga, isigqibo esikhuselekileyo seso sakhelwe kuhlu lweendawo, ubungqina besiqinisekiso, kunye neemeko zokusebenza zokwenyani kunokuba sibekwe kwixabiso okanye inkangeleko yodwa.