Yintoni Inkqubo Yefowuni Engxamisekileyo kwaye Isebenza Njani

Intshayelelo

Kwiindawo apho ukufowuna okulibazisekileyo kunokubeka ubomi emngciphekweni, iinkqubo zefowuni ezingxamisekileyo zibonelela ngendlela ezinikeleyo yokunceda ukuba iinethiwekhi zefowuni eziqhelekileyo zingaqinisekisi. Eli nqaku lichaza ukuba zeziphi ezi nkqubo, kutheni zakhiwe ngokwahlukileyo kwifowuni eqhelekileyo, kunye nendlela izinto eziphambili ezisebenzisana ngayo ukugcina unxibelelwano lufumaneka ngexesha leziganeko ezibalulekileyo. Uza kufunda indlela izitishi zefowuni, ukunxibelelana ngokuzenzekelayo, amakhonkco okubeka esweni, kunye namandla okuxhasa unxibelelwano olukhawulezayo noluthembekileyo nabantu abaphendulayo, kunye nesizathu sokuba ezi nkqubo zisetyenziswa rhoqo kwiikhampasi, kwiindawo zokupaka, kwiindawo zokuhamba, nakwezinye iindawo ezinobuzaza kukhuseleko.

Yintoni Inkqubo Yefowuni Engxamisekileyo

Inkqubo yefowuni yongxamiseko sisakhiwo sonxibelelwano esizinikeleyo nesikhuselekileyo esenzelwe ukubonelela ngonxibelelwano olukhawulezileyo noluthembekileyo nabathumeli beenkonzo zongxamiseko okanye izikhululo zokubeka esweni eziphambili. Ngokungafaniyo neenethiwekhi zonxibelelwano eziqhelekileyo, ezibeka phambili ithrafikhi ephezulu kunye neendlela ezininzi zokuhambisa, iinkqubo zongxamiseko zenzelwe injongo yokusebenza ixesha elide, zidlula imiqobo yePBX yendawo kunye nokuxinana kwenethiwekhi yeselula.

Ezi nkqubo zisetyenziswa kwiindawo apho ukhuseleko loluntu lubaluleke kakhulu, zisebenza njengoncedo oluthe ngqo ngexesha leziganeko ezibalulekileyo. Zisebenza ngokuzimeleyo ngaphandle kweziseko zophuhliso ezikumgangatho wabathengi, zisebenzisa izixhobo eziqinileyo kunye neendlela zenethiwekhi ezingafunekiyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba iifowuni zoxinzelelo ziqhagamshelana ngaphandle kokulibaziseka okanye ukuphazamiseka.

Izinto eziphambili kunye nemisebenzi

Uyilo lwenkqubo yefowuni yongxamiseko luxhomekeke kwizixhobo eziqinileyo ezenzelwe ukumelana noxinzelelo lokusingqongileyo kunye nokonakaliswa. Kwinqanaba lokugqibela, iinkqubo zisebenzisa iiphaneli ezingenazandla,iibhokisi zokufowunela ezingxamisekileyo ezimelana nemozulu, okanye izikhululo zeefowuni ezikhethekileyo. Ezi ndawo zokugqibela zixhotyiswe ngee-auto-dialer ezinokucwangciswa eziqalisa umnxeba kwangoko xa iqhosha licinezelwe okanye xa i-handset iphakanyisiwe.

Ukungasebenzi kakuhle kombane yinto ebalulekileyo. Iinkqubo zongxamiseko ezisemgangathweni zoshishino kufuneka zibandakanye izixhobo zombane ezingaphazanyiswayo (ii-UPS) okanye iibhetri ezigcinwe kwindawo ethile ezikwaziyo ukunika ubuncinane iiyure ezingama-24 zombane omiyo kunye neeyure ezi-4 zexesha lokuthetha eliqhubekayo ngexesha lokungasebenzi kakuhle kwegridi yokuqala. Ii-enclosures ezingaphazanyiswayo, ezihlala zakhiwe ngentsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-14-gauge okanye ye-16-gauge, zikhusela iibhodi zesekethe zangaphakathi ekonakaleni ngokwasemzimbeni nasekungeneni komswakama.

Indlela iifowuni ezihanjiswa ngayo kwaye zibekwa phambili ngayo

Xa i-endpoint ivuliwe, inkqubo idlula i-standard local switching ukuze ibeke phambili uqhagamshelo oluphumayo. Iifowuni zithunyelwa ngqo kwiPublic Safety Responding Point (PSAP), kwidesika yokhuseleko yekhampasi, okanye kwisikhululo sokujonga esiphakathi somntu wesithathu. Olu lawulo lufakwe kwi-endpoint okanye kwi-central emergency gateway, ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho mpazamo yomsebenzisi ngexesha lemeko yoloyiko.

Iinkqubo zefowuni ezingxamisekileyo eziphambili zithumela idatha ye-Automatic Number Identification (ANI) kunye ne-Automatic Location Identification (ALI) kunye ne-voice payload. Ezi packets zedatha zigcwalisa isikrini somthumeli nge-physical coordinates okanye icandelo lesakhiwo somfowunayo ngoko nangoko. Kwiindawo ezidityanisiweyo, ii-protocols zoMgangatho weNkonzo (QoS) zinika ezona packets ze-Voice over IP (VoIP) eziphambili kakhulu, zithintela ukuhla kwefowuni nangona ngexesha lokwanda kwe-bandwidth.

Iindlela eziphambili zoyilo kubathengi

Abathengi abavavanya iziseko zonxibelelwano ezingxamisekileyo kufuneka balandele iindlela ezintathu eziphambili zenethiwekhi: i-analog (POTS), iselfowuni, kunye ne-VoIP/SIP. Ngokwembali, iintambo zePlain Old Telephone Service (POTS) zazizizo ezisemgangathweni ngenxa yendalo yazo yokuzilawula. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko iinkampani zonxibelelwano zaziyeka ukusebenza iziseko zobhedu, abathengi baya befudukela kwezinye iindlela zanamhlanje.

IiSelfowuni zisebenzisa iinethiwekhi ze-LTE okanye ze-5G, ezihlala zixhotyiswe ngee-routers ze-SIM ezimbini ukuze zisetyenziswe kwakhona. Ezi zisebenza kakhulu kwiindawo ezikude apho ukutsala intambo ebonakalayo kungabiza kakhulu. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iinkqubo ze-VoIP ezisekwe kwiSession Initiation Protocol (SIP) zisebenzisa iziseko ze-LAN/WAN zeshishini ezikhoyo. Iindawo zokugqibela ze-SIP zivumela ulawulo oluphakathi, uhlaziyo lwe-firmware olukude, kunye nokuvota okuqhubekayo ukuqinisekisa impilo yesixhobo, okwenza zibe lolona khetho lukhethwayo loyilo kwiikhampasi ezinkulu zenkampani okanye zeyunivesithi.

Kutheni Iinkqubo Zefowuni Ezingxamisekileyo Zisabalulekile?

Nangona kukho iifowuni eziphathwayo, iinkqubo zeefowuni ezizimeleyo ezisebenza ngexesha likaxakeka zihlala ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yeziseko zophuhliso zokhuseleko lobomi. Izixhobo eziphathwayo zisengozini yokuphelelwa yibhetri, ukucima kwenethiwekhi, kunye neendawo ezingasebenziyo zeeselfowuni, nto leyo ebangela ukuba zingathembeki kwiindawo ezithile zesakhiwo okanye zejografi.

Iinkqubo ezizinikeleyo zibonelela ngendawo yonxibelelwano ezinzileyo neyaziwayo abasabela kwiimeko zikaxakeka abanokuthembela kuyo. Ngaphezu koko, zizalisekisa imiyalelo engqongqo yezomthetho neyolawulo efuna abanini bepropathi ukuba banike iindlela zonxibelelwano ezifikelelekayo ezizimeleyo kwisixhobo somntu.

Indlela abanciphisa ngayo ixesha lokuphendula

Inzuzo ephambili yenkqubo yefowuni engxamisekileyo esisigxina kukunciphisa kakhulu amaxesha okuphendula ngokukhawuleza. Xa exhomekeke kwifowuni ephathwayo, umntu ofowunelayo kufuneka achaze ngokucacileyo indawo akuyo—inkqubo enokuba neempazamo ezininzi ngexesha loxinzelelo olukhulu okanye ingenzeki ukuba umntu ofowunelayo akakwazi ukwenza nto.

Ngenxa yokuba iifowuni ezizinikeleyo zongxamiseko zithumela idatha echanekileyo ye-ALI ngoko nangoko xa ziqhagamshelwe, abathumeli akufuneki badibanise isignali okanye babuze umntu ofowunelayo ukuze bafumane imiyalelo. Idatha yeshishini ibonisa ukuba iinkqubo zongxamiseko ezisisigxina zinokunciphisa amaxesha okuqala okuthunyelwa ngemizuzwana engama-60 ukuya kwengama-90 xa kuthelekiswa neefowuni eziqhelekileyo ze-911. Kwiimeko zongxamiseko zonyango okanye kwiimeko zobungozi obusebenzayo, oku kukhawuleziswa kokusasazwa kwezixhobo kuphucula kakhulu amathuba eziphumo.

Apho babaluleke kakhulu khona

Iinkqubo zefowuni ezingxamisekileyo ziyimfuneko kwiindawo eziphawulwa kukwahlukaniswa, umngcipheko ophezulu, okanye ukuwohloka kwemiqondiso. Iziseko zophuhliso ezingaphantsi komhlaba, izakhiwo ezikhuselweyo kakhulu, kunye neendawo zoshishino ezikude zihlala zingenazo iindlela zokungena ezithembekileyo kwiiseli.

Iimfuneko zobugcisa, ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho, kunye nokudityaniswa

Ukusebenzisa inkqubo yefowuni yongxamiseko kufuna ukuthotyelwa ngokungqongqo kwenethiwekhi entsonkothileyo yeekhowudi zokwakha, imigangatho yokufikeleleka, kunye neenkcukacha zobugcisa. Ukungaphumeleli ukuhlangabezana nezi mfuno akupheleli nje ekubekeni emngciphekweni ukhuseleko lwabasebenzisi kodwa kukwabeka abaqhubi bezakhiwo kumatyala amakhulu omthetho nawemali.

Iikhowudi kunye nemigangatho ekufuneka iqwalaselwe

UMthetho waseMelika oKhubazekileyo (i-ADA) umisela iiparameter ezichanekileyo zomzimba nezokusebenza kwiifowuni ezingxamisekileyo eMelika. Ukuthobela i-ADA kufuna ukuba izixhobo zonxibelelwano zisebenze ngaphandle kokubamba ngokuqinileyo, ukucinezela, okanye ukujija isandla, kwaye kufuneka zisebenze ngamandla aphezulu eekhilogram ezi-5. Ngaphezu koko, inxalenye ephezulu yokusebenza yefowuni mayingaxhonywa ngaphezulu kwee-intshi ezingama-48 ukusuka kumgangatho ogqityiweyo ukuze ifikelele phambili okanye ecaleni.

Kwizithuthi ezihamba ngokuthe nkqo, i-ASME A17.1/CSA B44 Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators ilawula unxibelelwano olungxamisekileyo. Uhlaziyo lwakutshanje kule khowudi lugunyazisa ukuba iinkqubo zonxibelelwano zelifti mazibandakanye amandla evidiyo ahamba ngeendlela ezimbini kubantu abangeva kakuhle kwaye maziqinisekise ukusebenza komgca yonke imihla. Ukongeza, iNational Fire Alarm and Signaling Code (NFPA 72) ichaza iimfuno ezingqongqo zokusinda kwiintambo kunye nezixhobo zamandla ezixhasa ezi nkqubo.

Iimfuno zokusingqongileyo kunye nexesha lokuphumla

Iifowuni ezingxamisekileyo kufuneka zisebenze kakuhle kwiimeko ezimbi. Iindawo zokugcina ezifakwe ngaphandle okanye kwiindawo zoshishino zifuna amanqaku aphezulu oKhuseleko lokungena (i-IP). Umgangatho we-IP66 ngokubanzi ngumgangatho ophantsi weebhokisi zokufowunela zangaphandle, oqinisekisa ukhuseleko kwiilwandle ezinzima okanye iijethi zamanzi ezinamandla, ngelixa izixhobo ezilinganiswe yi-IP67 zinokumelana nokuntywiliselwa okwethutyana.

Ukumelana nobushushu kubaluleke kakhulu. Iinkqubo zefowuni ezingxamisekileyo ezikumgangatho ophezulu zenziwe ngobuchule obuphezulu bokusebenza, obuhlala busebenza ngokuthembekileyo ukusuka kwi--40°C ukuya kwi-+65°C (-40°F ukuya kwi-+149°F). Ukuqinisekisa ixesha lokusebenza, iinkqubo zanamhlanje ezisekwe kwi-SIP zisebenzisa i-automated polling—i-pinging endpoints rhoqo emva kwemizuzu eli-10 ukuya kweli-15. Ukuba i-endpoint ayiphenduli, inkqubo ikhupha isilumkiso kubaphathi bezakhiwo ngoko nangoko, iqinisekisa ukuba iyunithi ilungisiwe ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke ingxamiseko yokwenyani.

Ukuhlanganiswa neelifti kunye neenkqubo zokhuseleko

Iinkqubo zefowuni zanamhlanje ezingxamisekileyo azisoloko zisebenza zodwa; zidityaniswa ngakumbi kulawulo olubanzi lwezakhiwo kunye neenkqubo zokhuseleko olubonakalayo. Ngokusebenzisa imigangatho evulekileyo efana ne-ONVIF kunye ne-SIP, umnxeba ongxamisekileyo unokubangela iimpendulo ezenzekelayo kumaqonga amaninzi.

Umzekelo, ukusebenzisa ifowuni engxamisekileyo kwigaraji yokupaka kunokuyalela ngokuzenzekelayo iNkqubo yoLawulo lweeVidiyo (i-VMS) edibeneyo ukuze ijikeleze, ityeke, kwaye isondeza (i-PTZ) ikhamera yokujonga ekufutshane kumntu ofowunelayo. Ngokufanayo, ukuhlanganiswa neenkqubo zokulawula ukufikelela kuvumela abaqhubi bezikhululo eziphakathi ukuba bavule iingcango okanye amasango abo baphendulayo kuqala ngokuthe ngqo kwikhonsoli yonxibelelwano lwefowuni engxamisekileyo, nto leyo eyenza kube lula inkqubo yokungenelela.

Iinkcukacha, Ukufakwa, kunye nokugcinwa

Umjikelo wobomi benkqubo yefowuni engxamisekileyo—ukusuka kwiinkcukacha zokuqala ukuya kulondolozo oluqhubekayo—ufuna indlela ecwangcisiweyo ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka okuqhubekayo. Izigqibo zokuthenga kufuneka zilinganise iindleko zemali zangaphambili kunye neendleko zokusebenza zexesha elide kunye nobude benkqubo.

Indlela yokuvavanya abathengisi

Xa bekhetha umthengisi, abathengi kufuneka bavavanye irekhodi lomenzi lokuqina kwehardware kunye nenkxaso yesoftware. Iimpawu eziphambili ziquka iMean Time Between Failures (MTBF), ekufuneka idlule iiyure ezingama-50,000 kwii-endpoints ezingxamisekileyo. Abathengisi kufuneka banike amaxwebhu apheleleyo achaza ukuthotyelwa kwe-UL,Imigangatho ye-CE, kunye ne-FCC.

Ngaphezu koko, abathengi kufuneka bahlole imiqathango yewaranti yomthengisi kunye nenkxaso yobugcisa ye-SLA. Umenzi othembekileyo uya kubonelela ngewaranti yeminyaka emi-2 ukuya kwemi-5 ubuncinane kwizinto ezibalulekileyo zehardware kwaye aqinisekise ukuba kukho iindawo eziza kutshintshwa ubuncinane iminyaka elishumi, nto leyo ebonisa umjikelo wobomi obulindelekileyo beziseko zokhuseleko lobomi.

Eyona nto ibangela iindleko

Ixabiso lilonke lobunini benkqubo yefowuni engxamisekileyo liqhutywa ziinkcukacha zehardware, uyilo lwenethiwekhi, kunye nobunzima bokufakela. Ii-endpoints ze-analog zangaphakathi okanye ze-SIP zihlala ziqala kwi-$300 ukuya kwi-$600 ngeyunithi nganye. Nangona kunjalo, i-ruggedized, IP67-rated, okanyeIimodeli ezimelana nokuqhuma eziqinisekisiweyo yi-ATEXkwiindawo ezinobungozi zingadlula i-$1,500 ukuya kwi-$2,500 ngeyunithi nganye.

Utshintsho lweziseko zophuhliso lunye umqhubi weendleko ezibalulekileyo. Ukuphucula iinkqubo ze-analog ezindala ukuya kwi-VoIP kufuna nokuba kutsalwe intambo entsha ye-Cat5e/Cat6 Ethernet okanye kufakwe ii-gateways ze-analog-to-IP. Kwiifekthi zangaphandle ezikude, ukugalela i-conducting kwi-conduit kunokubiza kakhulu, okwenza ii-gateways zeselula—nangona iindleko zazo zedatha zenyanga eziphindaphindayo—zibe sisisombululo esingabizi kakhulu sexesha elide.

Iindlela zokuvavanya nokugcina

Ukuthembela nje kwiinkqubo zongxamiseko kukusilela okukhulu ekusebenzeni; uvavanyo oluqinileyo nolucwangcisiweyo luyimfuneko. Ngokwembali, abasebenzi bokulungisa kwakufuneka bahambe ngokoqobo ukuya kwindawo nganye yokugqibela, bacinezele iqhosha, baze baqinisekise unxibelelwano. Namhlanje, iinkqubo ezikrelekrele ziyazenzekela ezi zinto.

Umzekelo, i-ASME A17.1 ifuna iifowuni ezingxamisekileyo zelifti ukuqinisekisa ngokuzenzekelayo ukuthembeka komgca wonxibelelwano ubuncinane kanye kwiiyure ezingama-24. Ukuba umgca uyasilela, inkqubo kufuneka ivuse i-alamu evakalayo nebonakalayo yendawo. Ngaphaya kokuhlolwa komgca ozenzekelayo, abaphathi beziko kufuneka benze uvavanyo olupheleleyo lwezandla rhoqo ngekota, ukuqinisekisa ukucaca kwemakrofoni, ivolumu yesithethi, ukusebenza kwestrobe, kunye nokuchaneka kwedatha ye-ALI edluliselwe kwi-PSAP.

Indlela yokukhetha inkqubo yefowuni yongxamiseko efanelekileyo

Ukufanisa inkqubo yefowuni engxamisekileyo nemeko yokusebenza ethile kuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho ngelixa kuphuculwa utyalo-mali lweziseko zophuhliso. Inkqubo yesigqibo ixhomekeke ekuvavanyeni amandla enethiwekhi ekhoyo, iingozi zokusingqongileyo, kunye neemfuno ezithile zonxibelelwano zabasebenzisi bokugqibela.

Iinkqubo ezizimeleyo xa zithelekiswa nezidibeneyo

Iinkqubo ezizimeleyo zisebenza ngokuzimeleyo kwinethiwekhi yeshishini, zisebenzisa imigca ye-analog ezinikeleyo okanye uqhagamshelo lweeselfowuni oluhlukeneyo. Ezi ziyakwazi ukumelana nokucima kwenethiwekhi yendawo okanye ukuhlaselwa nge-cyber kuba azinazo iziseko zophuhliso kunye nethrafikhi yedatha ye-IT eqhelekileyo. Zilungele iindawo ezikude okanye izibonelelo ezineenethiwekhi ze-IT ezindala.

Iinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo zenethiwekhi, zisebenzisa i-SIP/VoIP, zidibanisa unxibelelwano olungxamisekileyo kwi-LAN/WAN yenkampani. Le ndlela inciphisa kakhulu iindleko zonxibelelwano oluphindaphindayo kwaye ivumela ulawulo oluphakathi ngokusebenzisa ideshibhodi edibeneyo. Iinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo zixhasa iimpawu eziphambili ezifana nokusasazwa ngobuninzi, apho zonke izithethi zefowuni ezingxamisekileyo zinokusebenza ngaxeshanye ukuze zikhupheizibhengezo zentetho kawonke-wonkengexesha lengxaki eyenzeka kwikhampasi yonke. Nangona kunjalo, zifuna ukuphinda-phinda kwenethiwekhi okuqinileyo, kuquka iiswitshi ze-UPS-backed PoE (Power over Ethernet), ukuqinisekisa ukuba ziyaqhubeka zisebenza ngexesha lokusilela kombane.

Iikhrayitheriya zokukhetha ngokwemeko yokusetyenziswa

Ukukhetha inkqubo efanelekileyo kufuna uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha malunga nokusetyenziswa kwayo. Abathengi kufuneka badibanise imeko yabo yendalo neteknoloji efanelekileyo.

Ngokuvavanya ngokucwangcisiweyo le migangatho—ukusuka ekuthobeleni i-ADA kunye nokulinganiswa kwe-MTBF ukuya kwi-topology yenethiwekhi kunye nobuchule bokudibanisa—abaphathi bezibonelelo banokufumana inkqubo yefowuni engxamisekileyo ebonelela ngoncedo olungenamkhethe nolukhuselekileyo xa ifuneka kakhulu.

Izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe

• Izigqibo ezibalulekileyo kunye nesizathu seNkqubo yoNxibelelwano oluNgxamisekileyo
• Iinkcukacha, ukuthobela imithetho, kunye nokuhlolwa komngcipheko okufuneka kuqinisekiswe ngaphambi kokuba uzibophelele
• Amanyathelo alandelayo asebenzayo kunye nezilumkiso abafundi abanokuzisebenzisa ngoko nangoko

Imibuzo ebuzwa qho

Yintoni inkqubo yefowuni yongxamiseko?

Yinkqubo yonxibelelwano ezinikeleyo edibanisa abasebenzisi ngqo kukhuseleko, ukuthunyelwa, okanye iziko lokubeka esweni ngaphandle kokulibaziseka okukhulu, nokuba ngexesha lokuxinana kwenethiwekhi okanye imiba yombane.

Isebenza njani inkqubo yefowuni yongxamiseko?

Xa iqhosha licinezelwe okanye liphakanyisiwe kwifowuni, iyunithi iyazifowunela ngokuzenzekelayo inombolo emiselweyo kwaye ingathumela idatha yendawo ukuze abaphenduli bazi kakuhle apho umnxeba uvela khona.

Zifuneka phi iifowuni zongxamiseko?

Ziluncedo kakhulu kwimigodi, kwiindawo zeoyile negesi, kwiindawo zothutho, kwiikhampasi, kwiintolongo, nakwiindawo ezingaphandle okanye ezinobungozi apho ukugubungela okuhambayo, ingxolo, okanye iingozi zokhuseleko zixhalabisayo.

Ngaba kufuneka ndikhethe iifowuni ezingxamisekileyo ze-analog, zeselula, okanye ze-VoIP?

Khetha i-analog yemigca yakudala, iselfowuni yeendawo ezikude, kunye ne-VoIP/SIP yekhampasi okanye iinethiwekhi zoshishino ezifuna ulawulo oluphakathi, ukubekwa esweni kwempilo, kunye nokwandiswa okulula.

Yintoni ekufuneka abathengi bayijonge xa ​​bekhetha inkqubo yefowuni yongxamiseko yemizi-mveliso?

Gxila ekuthembekeni, ingxelo yendawo, amandla okugcina idatha, uyilo olumelana nemozulu okanye olumelana nokuqhuma, iziqinisekiso ezifana ne-ATEX okanye i-CE, kunye nenkxaso yababoneleli yokudibanisa, ukufakela, kunye nokugcinwa.