Ziziphi iziqinisekiso ezifunekayo kwiifowuni zobungqina bokuqhuma

Intshayelelo

Ukukhetha ifowuni kwiindawo ezinobungozi kubandakanya okungaphezulu nje kwezixhobo eziqinileyo okanye ubomi bebhetri obude; umbuzo obalulekileyo kukuba ingaba ineziqinisekiso zokhuseleko ezifanelekileyo kwindawo ethile, iqela legesi, umngcipheko wothuli, kunye nommandla wokusetyenziswa. Eli nqaku lichaza iinkqubo eziphambili zokuqinisekisa ezisetyenziswa kwiifowuni ezikhusela ukuqhuma kunye nezikhuselekileyo ngokwangaphakathi, isizathu sokuba zibalulekile ekuthobeleni imithetho kunye nolawulo lomngcipheko, kunye nendlela yokufunda iimpawu zesixhobo ngokuchanekileyo. Ekugqibeleni, uya kukwazi ukwahlula imigangatho efanayo, ukuqonda oko bakugunyazisayo, kunye nokuvavanya ukuba ifowuni ifanelekile na kwindawo yakho yokusebenza.

Kutheni iziqinisekiso zefowuni ezingqina ukuqhuma zibalulekile

Ukusasaza izixhobo zonxibelelwano eziphathwayo kwiindawo ezinobungozi kufuna ukuthotyelwa ngokungqongqo kwimigangatho yokhuseleko ekhethekileyo. Iifowuni ezingaqhumiyo nezikhuselekileyo ngokwendalo zenzelwe ukusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo kwiindawo apho kukho iigesi ezitshayo, umphunga, okanye uthuli oluvuthayo. Ukuqonda izikhokelo zesatifikethi ezilawula ezi zixhobo akusiyo nje into yokuthobela imithetho; yintsika esisiseko yolawulo lomngcipheko wezoshishino.

Imibutho yolawulo kwihlabathi liphela iyalela ukuba naziphi na izixhobo ze-elektroniki ezifakwe kwindawo enobungozi ezichazwe njengezona zibalulekileyo kufuneka zibe neziqinisekiso ezifanelekileyo. Ukungaphumeleli ukusebenzisa izixhobo eziqinisekisiweyo ngokufanelekileyo kubeka izibonelelo zoshishino emngciphekweni omkhulu wokutsha, isohlwayo somthetho, kunye nokuphazamiseka okukhulu kokusebenza.

Impembelelo kumngcipheko wokusebenza kunye ne-inshurensi

Ukusasazwa kwezixhobo eziphathwayo ezingaqinisekiswanga okanye ezingaqinisekiswanga kakuhle kwiindawo ezinobungozi kuyandisa ngokuthe ngqo umngcipheko wokusebenza. Kwimeko yesiganeko seshishini, abaphandi bahlala behlola ukuthotyelwa kwezixhobo. Ukuba i-smartphone engaqinisekiswanga ichongwa njengomthombo wokutsha, okanye ifunyenwe ikhona kwi-blast radius, isikhungo sijongene nemiphumo emibi yezomthetho neyezemali.

Iipolisi zeinshurensi zamacandelo anomngcipheko ophezulu, afanaioyile negesiokanye ukwenziwa kweekhemikhali, ziqulathe imiqathango engqongqo efuna ukuthotyelwa ngokupheleleyo kwemiyalelo yokhuseleko yengingqi. Ukusebenzisa izixhobo ezingathobeliyo kunokwenza ukuba ukhuseleko lweshishini lungasebenzi ngoko nangoko. Ngaphezu koko, imibutho elawulayo efana ne-OSHA (e-United States) okanye i-HSE (e-United Kingdom) ibeka isohlwayo esiqatha ngokungathobeliyo. Isohlwayo sokwaphulwa komthetho ngabom sinokudlula i-$150,000 ngesicatshulwa ngasinye, ngelixa impembelelo ebanzi yemali yokuvalwa kwesakhiwo okubangelwa yiyo inokugqitha i-$1,000,000 ngosuku kwimveliso elahlekileyo.

Kutheni iimfuno zesatifikethi zichaphazela ukuthengwa

Ngenxa yokuba iziqinisekiso ezichasene nokuqhuma zilawula iinkqubo zobunjineli, uvavanyo, kunye nokuveliswa kwesixhobo, ngokusisiseko zitshintsha imijikelo yokuthengwa. Izixhobo eziqinisekisiweyo azinakufunyanwa ngeendlela eziqhelekileyo ze-elektroniki zabathengi. Amaqela okuthengwa kufuneka asebenzisane nabasasazi bemizi-mveliso abakhethekileyo okanye abavelisi bezixhobo zokuqala (ii-OEM) abagcina iinkqubo zokuqinisekisa umgangatho ezifunekayo.

Olu luhlu lobonelelo olukhethekileyo luchaphazela amaxesha okufumana i-lead kunye noBuninzi be-oda obuphantsi (ii-MOQ). Nangona ii-smartphones zorhwebo zinokuthengwa ngeentsuku, amaxesha okufumana i-lead kwiifowuni ezikhethekileyo zeZone 1 okanye zeClass I, Division 1 zihlala ziqala kwiiveki ezi-6 ukuya kwezi-12 ngenxa yovavanyo lwebhetshi kunye neemfuno ezingqongqo zokulandelela. Amasebe okuthenga kufuneka aqikelele imijikelo yobomi besixhobo ngokuchanekileyo, eqwalasela la maxesha okufumana i-lead ande kunye neendleko eziphezulu ezinxulumene nehardware eqinisekisiweyo, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwentsimi okungaphazanyiswa.

Iziqinisekiso ezifunekayo ngokweSithili kunye neNgozi

Iziqinisekiso zeendawo ezinobungozi azimiselwanga mgangatho uwonke-wonke. Iindawo ezahlukeneyo zixhomekeke kwimigaqo eyahlukeneyo yokulawula ukwahlula ukhuseleko lwezixhobo. Ukuqonda ukuba loluphi na isatifikethi olusebenza kwindawo ethile yejografi kunye nohlobo lobungozi kubalulekile ekuthobeleni imithetho yehlabathi.

Izatifikethi eziphambili ezisetyenziswa kwiimarike ezahlukeneyo

Imeko yehlabathi yezixhobo ezinobungozi ilawulwa ziinkqubo ezininzi ezinkulu zokuqinisekisa. Nangona kukho ukutyhalela phambili ekuhambelanisweni nge-IECEinkqubo, imiyalelo yengingqi isalawula iimfuno zokuthobela umthetho.

Iinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zihlala zifuna izixhobo ezineziqinisekiso ezimbini okanye ezintathu (umz., i-ATEX, i-IECEx, kunye ne-UL) ukuze zilungelelanise iinqwelo-moya zazo zehlabathi, nangona ezi zixhobo ziqinisekisiweyo kwihlabathi liphela zibiza ixabiso eliphezulu.

Igesi, uthuli, ukumbiwa kwemigodi, udidi lobushushu, kunye namanqanaba ezixhobo

Iziqinisekiso zihlela iingozi ngohlobo lwezinto ezinokutsha, amathuba okuba zikhona, kunye nemida yobushushu bendalo esingqongileyo. Phantsi kwenkqubo ye-ATEX/IECEx, iindawo ezingqongileyo zahlulwe zibe ziiNdawo (iNdawo 0, 1, kunye ne-2 yeegesi; iNdawo 20, 21, kunye ne-22 yothuli). Inkqubo yaseMntla Melika ngokwesiko isebenzisa iiKlasi kunye noLwahlulo (umz., iKlasi I, iCandelo 1 okanye 2).

Izixhobo kufuneka zilinganiswe kwiiGas Groups ezithile (ezifana ne-IIA yePropane, i-IIB ye-Ethylene, kunye ne-IIC yeHydrogen) kunye neeClasses zoBushushu (iiT-Codes). Udidi loBushushu lubonisa ubushushu obuphezulu bomphezulu esiza kubufikelela kwisixhobo phantsi kweemeko zempazamo. Umzekelo, umlinganiselo we-T4 uqinisekisa ukuba umphezulu wesixhobo awuyi kudlula kwi-135°C, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ukhuseleke kwiigesi ezinamaqondo aphezulu okutsha, ngelixa umlinganiselo we-T6 ongqongqo uqinisekisa ukuba umphezulu uhlala ungaphantsi kwama-85°C.Izicelo zemigodizifuna iziqinisekiso ezahlukeneyo zeCandelo M1 okanye M2 ngenxa yemingcipheko ethile ye-fireamp (i-methane) kunye nothuli lwamalahle.

Ubungqina bokuqhuma xa kuthelekiswa nokhuseleko lwangaphakathi

Nangona isetyenziswa rhoqo ngokutshintshana kwincoko eqhelekileyo, igama elithi “ukhuseleko lokuqhuma” kunye nelithi “ukhuseleko lwangaphakathi” libhekisa kwiindlela zokukhusela ubunjineli ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo. Ii-enclosures ezithintela ukuqhuma (Ex d) zenzelwe ukuba ziqulathe ukuqhuma kwangaphakathi kwaye zipholise iigesi eziphumayo ukuze zingatshisi umoya ongqongileyo. Le ndlela idla ngokubangela izindlu zesinyithi ezinzima nezinkulu.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, uyilo olukhuselekileyo ngokwangaphakathi (IS okanye Ex i) luthintela ukuba amandla obushushu okanye intlantsi angenzeki kwasekuqaleni. Izixhobo ze-IS zithintela ngokungqongqo amandla ombane kunye nobushushu afumanekayo kwisekethe. Kwiifowuni eziphathwayo, ukhuseleko lwangaphakathi yindlela eqhelekileyo, njengoko ivumela uyilo olulula nolulungeleleneyo. Ukuze kufezekiswe isiqinisekiso se-IS, isekethe yesixhobo idla ngokukhawulelwa ekusebenzeni ngaphantsi kwemida yokutsha, idla ngokunciphisa iimpawu zamandla zibe ngaphantsi kwe-1.2V okanye ukutsala ngaphantsi kwe-100mA kwiisekethe ezincinci ezibalulekileyo.

Indlela Yokuqinisekisa Ukuthobela Imithetho Ngaphaya Kweleyibhile

Ukuthembela kuphela kwileyibhile ebonakalayo okanye uphawu lwe-Ex oluqoshwe kwi-chassis yesixhobo akwanelanga ukuphononongwa ngokungqongqo kokuthobela imithetho. Izixhobo zomgunyathi kunye nezatifikethi eziphelelwe lixesha zibeka umngcipheko omkhulu, zifuna amaqela okuthenga kunye ne-EHS (Environment, Health, and Safety) ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho ngokusebenzisa amaxwebhu asemthethweni kunye neenkcukacha zobugcisa.

Amaxwebhu abathengi abafanele bawahlole

Ukuqinisekisa ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba isixhobo siyathotyelwa, abathengi kufuneka bacele baze bahlole amaxwebhu abalulekileyo kumvelisi. Uxwebhu olusisiseko yiSibhengezo sokuThotyelwa (i-DoC), esibophelela ngokusemthethweni umenzi kwimigangatho ebangwayo. Nangona kunjalo, i-DoC kufuneka ixhaswe sisatifikethi esisebenzayo esivela kwiBhunga elizimeleyo eliNotisiweyo (njenge-SGS, i-TÜV, okanye i-UL).

Abathengi kufuneka babhekisele kwinombolo yesatifikethi efumaneka kwileyibhile yesixhobo kunye nedathabheyisi ye-intanethi ye-Notified Body ukuqinisekisa ukuba isatifikethi asirhoxiswanga okanye asimiswanga. Ukongeza, abavelisi kufuneka babe neSaziso soQinisekiso loMgangatho (QAN) esisebenzayo okanye iNgxelo yoVavanyo loMgangatho (QAR). Ezi ngxelo ziqinisekisa ukuba izixhobo zemveliso zomvelisi zenza uhlolo olungqongqo—oluqhelekileyo olufunekayo rhoqo kwiinyanga ezili-18—ukuqinisekisa ukuba iiyunithi eziveliswe ngobuninzi zihambelana neenkcukacha ezichanekileyo zeprototype evavanyiweyo.

Ukuvunywa kwengingqi, ukuhambelana komthwali, kunye notshintsho lwe-firmware

Isiqinisekiso sendawo enobungozi sigubungela kuphela ukhuseleko lokutsha; isixhobo kufuneka sisebenze ngokuthembekileyo njengefowuni yeshishini. Abathengi kufuneka baqinisekise ukuvunywa konxibelelwano lwengingqi, okufanaI-FCC(e-United States), i-CE (eYurophu), okanye iziqinisekiso ze-PTCRB, ukuqinisekisa ukuba isixhobo sisebenza ngokusemthethweni nangobuchwephesha kwiinethiwekhi zenethiwekhi zeselula zasekuhlaleni.

Okubalulekileyo kukuba, izatifikethi zokhuseleko lwangaphakathi zidibene ngokungenakuhlulwa kwi-hardware kunye nemeko yesoftware egunyazisiweyo yesixhobo. Utshintsho lwe-firmware olungagunyaziswanga okanye uhlaziyo lwe-OS lunokutshintsha iprofayili yolawulo lwamandla lweprosesa. Ukuba uhlaziyo lwe-firmware olungagunyaziswanga lutshintsha ukutsalwa kwamandla okuphezulu kwebhetri nge-50mA, lunokutshintsha isixhobo ngaphandle kwemida yaso yobushushu okanye yombane eqinisekisiweyo, ngoko nangoko luthintele isatifikethi esikhuselekileyo sangaphakathi. Abathengi kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba i-OEM ibonelela ngepayipi elawulwayo neqinisekisiweyo yokhuseleko olungaphaya komoya (OTA) kunye nohlaziyo lwe-firmware.

Indlela yokuthelekisa iifowuni eziqinisekisiweyo zobungqina bokuqhuma

Ukuthelekisa iifowuni ezingakwaziyo ukuqhuma kufuna ukuvavanya ukuba isixhobo silinganisa njani imiyalelo yokhuseleko engqongqo neemfuno zanamhlanje zokuhamba kweshishini. Isixhobo esikhuselekileyo ngokugqibeleleyo kodwa esingenawo amandla okucubungula okanye ubomi bebhetri bokusebenzisa usetyenziso olubalulekileyo lwemizi-mveliso ekugqibeleni siya kuyithintela imveliso yabasebenzi basentsimini.

Iikhrayitheriya eziphambili zokuthelekisa ecaleni

Xa kuvavanywa izixhobo eziqinisekisiweyo ecaleni, amaqela okuthenga kufuneka ajonge ngaphaya komlinganiselo we-Ex ukuze avavanye imilinganiselo yokuguquguquka kweshishini. Iikhrayitheriya eziphambili ziquka umthamo webhetri, ukhuseleko lokungena (umlinganiselo we-IP), ukuveliswa kweprosesa, ukubonakala kwesikrini elangeni ngqo, kunye nokuhambelana namaqonga oLawulo lweZixhobo zeSelfowuni (MDM).

Ukongeza, ukuqinisekisa ukuba isixhobo sikwimeko eNgcono ye-Android Enterprise (AER) kubalulekile, njengoko kuqinisekisa ubuncinci besiseko sokusetyenziswa lula, uhlaziyo lokhuseleko, kunye nokuthembeka kwehardware yeshishini.

Utshintshiselwano phakathi kwesatifikethi, ukuqina, uqhagamshelo, kunye neendleko

Ubunjineli obufunekayo ukuze kufezekiswe ukhuseleko lwangaphakathi bufuna utshintshiselwano olukhulu. Ukunciphisa umbane ophumayo kunye namandla ombane, abavelisi bezixhobo zeZone 1 / Division 1 kufuneka basoloko betshintsha isantya seprosesa, banciphise amandla ebhetri, kwaye basebenzise izinto ezindala nezivavanyiweyo ngokupheleleyo endaweni yetekhnoloji yanamhlanje.

Ixabiso lelona xabiso libalaseleyo. Nangona ifowuni eqhelekileyo eqinileyo yeshishini inokubiza phakathi kwe-$500 kunye ne-$800, isixhobo esiqinisekisiweyo seZone 2 esikhuselekileyo sidla ngokuba phakathi kwe-$1,200 ukuya kwi-$1,800. Kwiindawo ezithintelweyo kakhulu, iZone 1 eqinisekisiweyo ngokupheleleyoi-smartphone ekhuselekileyo ngokwemveloingabiza naphi na ukusuka kwi-$2,500 ukuya kwi-$4,000 ngeyunithi nganye. Imibutho kufuneka idwelise ngononophelo iindawo zayo zezibonelelo ukuze iphephe ukucacisa ngokugqithisileyo; ukusebenzisa isixhobo seZone 1 se-$3,500 kwindawo yeZone 2 kubonisa inkcitho yemali engeyomfuneko kwaye kunyanzela abasebenzisi ukuba bajongane nehardware enzima, engasebenzi kakuhle kunokuba kufuneka ngokungqongqo.

Indlela yokukhetha ifowuni eqinisekisiweyo efanelekileyo

Ukukhetha ifowuni efanelekileyo engaqhumiyo yinkqubo ebandakanya iinkalo ezininzi. Ifuna ukuvala umsantsa phakathi kweemfuno zokhuseleko ezingqongqo ezichazwe yi-EHS, iimfuno zobugcisa nezokhuseleko zesebe le-IT, kunye nemida yohlahlo-lwabiwo mali elawulwa yi-Procurement.

Inkqubo yenyathelo ngenyathelo ye-EHS, ubunjineli, kunye nokuthengwa kwempahla

Inkqubo yokukhetha kufuneka iqale nge-EHS eqhuba imephu ebanzi yeengozi zesakhiwo ukuze kuchongwe iiNdawo okanye iiCandelo ezichanekileyo apho ezi zixhobo ziya kusebenza khona, kunye neeKlasi ezithile zeGesi kunye namaQela obushushu ezikhoyo. Ukucacisa ngokugqithisileyo kuthintela ukhetho lwesixhobo, ngelixa ukungacacisi kwazisa umngcipheko omkhulu.

Nje ukuba isiseko sesatifikethi esifunekayo simiselwe, uBunjineli kunye ne-IT kufuneka zichaze iimfuno zesoftware kunye noqhagamshelo. Oku kuquka ukucacisa usetyenziso olufunekayo, ukuvavanya ukugubungela kwe-Wi-Fi okanye i-LTE/5G kwiindawo ezinobungozi, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuhambelana kwe-MDM. I-IT kufuneka imisele ikhontrakthi yenkxaso yomjikelo wobomi besixhobo eqinisekisa ubuncinci iminyaka emi-3 ukuya kwemi-5 yohlaziyo lwepetshi yokhuseleko. Okokugqibela, i-Procurement ithatha ezi nkcukacha zidibeneyo ukuze ifumane izixhobo ezivela kubasasazi abagunyazisiweyo, ixoxisana ngeziqinisekiso ezongeziweyo kunye nokuvavanya iindleko zizonke zobunini (TCO) endaweni yexabiso lehardware elingaphambili nje.

Iikhrayitheriya zesigqibo sokwenziwa kwemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe

Kwiinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe, ukwenza imodeli yesixhobo esinye esiqinisekisiweyo ifaneke kwizithuthi zehlabathi kunika ukusebenza kakuhle okukhulu. Nangona kunjalo, ukwenza izixhobo zibe zifanake kufuna ukukhetha izixhobo ezineziqinisekiso ezininzi zengingqi (umz., i-ATEX kwiindawo zaseYurophu, i-UL/CSA kwiindawo zaseMntla Melika, kunye ne-IECEx ye-Asia-Pacific).

Nangona izixhobo eziqinisekisiweyo ezimbini okanye ezintathu zinexabiso eliphezulu lokuqala, i-ROI yexesha elide ibalulekile. Ukumisela umgangatho kwiqonga elinye lehardware kunciphisa iindleko ze-IT ngokuvumela iprofayili ye-MDM edibeneyo kunye ne-application stack. Ngaphezu koko, kwenza kube lula ukugcina isitokhwe esitsha. Uhlalutyo lobuninzi beshishini lubonisa ukuba ukudibanisa ii-SKU zezixhobo eziphathwayo ezikhethekileyo kwihlabathi liphela kunokunciphisa iindleko ze-inventory ye-spare pool nge-20% ukuya kwi-30%, ngelixa kunciphisa kakhulu umthwalo wolawulo wokulandelela imijikelo yobomi yokuthobela imithetho yengingqi eyahlukileyo.

Izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe

• Izigqibo ezibalulekileyo kunye nesizathu seeFowuni zoBungqina bokuqhuma
• Iinkcukacha, ukuthobela imithetho, kunye nokuhlolwa komngcipheko okufuneka kuqinisekiswe ngaphambi kokuba uzibophelele
• Amanyathelo alandelayo asebenzayo kunye nezilumkiso abafundi abanokuzisebenzisa ngoko nangoko

Imibuzo ebuzwa qho

Zeziphi iziqinisekiso ezifunekayo rhoqo kwiifowuni ezikhusela ukuqhuma?

Kuxhomekeke kummandla kunye nomngcipheko. Iimvume eziqhelekileyo yi-ATEX ye-EU, i-IECEx yeeprojekthi zamazwe ngamazwe, i-UL/CSA HazLoc yaseMntla Melika, i-NEPSI yaseTshayina, kunye ne-INMETRO yaseBrazil.

Ndingazi njani ukuba ifowuni ifanelekile kwindawo yam enobungozi?

Tshatisa isatifikethi sefowuni nohlu lwesiza sakho: Indawo okanye iKlasi/uLwahlulo, iqela legesi okanye lothuli, kunye neklasi yobushushu. Uphawu olukwisatifikethi kunye nepleyiti yegama kufuneka luhambelane novavanyo lwendawo yakho.

Ingaba isiqinisekiso se-IECEx sanele kuwo onke amazwe?

Hayi. I-IECEx yaziwa ngokubanzi, kodwa amazwe amaninzi asafuna imvume yasekuhlaleni efana ne-ATEX, UL/CSA, NEPSI, okanye i-INMETRO. Soloko uqinisekisa iimfuno zomthetho zendawo yokufakela.

Kutheni abathengi kufuneka baziphephe iifowuni zabathengi kwiindawo eziqhumayo?

Iifowuni zabathengi azinazo iziqinisekiso zokuba ziindawo ezinobungozi. Ukuzisebenzisa kunokubangela umngcipheko wokutsha, kuphule ukuthobela imithetho yendawo, kwaye kunokuchaphazela ukhuseleko lwe-inshorensi kunye noxanduva lwengozi.

Ngaba iSiniwo inokunceda ekufumaneni iifowuni eziqinisekisiweyo kwiiprojekthi zoshishino?

Ewe. I-Siniwo ibonelela ngeemveliso zonxibelelwano lwemizi-mveliso kwiindawo ezinobungozi kwaye inokunceda ukulungelelanisa iinketho zefowuni ezingenakugqabhuka neemfuno zeprojekthi, iziqinisekiso, kunye neemfuno zokuthunyelwa.