Iifowuni Ezikhusela Ukuqhuma Xa Zithelekiswa Neefowuni Eziqhelekileyo Zemizi-mveliso: Yintoni Umahluko?

Intshayelelo

Iifowuni zoshishino zinokubonakala zifana ngaphandle, kodwa indima yazo yokhuseleko itshintsha kakhulu kwiindawo ezinobungozi. Kwiindawo ezinegesi etshayo, umphunga, okanye uthuli oluvuthayo, ifowuni eqhelekileyo yezimboni inokungenisa umngcipheko wokutsha ngokusebenzisa umbane oqhelekileyo, ngelixa ifowuni engaqhumiyo yenzelwe ukuqulatha loo mngcipheko kwaye ihambelane neemfuno zendawo enobungozi. Eli nqaku lichaza umahluko wobunjineli kunye nesatifikethi phakathi kwezi zimbini, apho uhlobo ngalunye lufanelekile, kunye nendlela ukhetho olufanelekileyo oluchaphazela ngayo ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi, ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho, ucwangciso lokugcinwa, kunye nexesha lokungasebenzi elibizayo. Ngolu hlobo lomxholo, kuba lula ukugweba ukuba indawo ifuna izixhobo zonxibelelwano eziqinileyo okanye inkqubo engaqhumiyo eyakhelwe injongo.

Kutheni Kubalulekile Ukuba Ubungqina Bokuqhushumba KweeFowuni

Kwiindawo zoshishino apho kukho iigesi eziguquguqukayo, umphunga, okanye uthuli oluvuthayo, iziseko zonxibelelwano ezisemgangathweni zizisa umngcipheko omkhulu: umngcipheko wokutsha kombane. Iifowuni ezingaqhumiyo zenzelwe ngokukodwa ukunciphisa lo mngcipheko, ukuqinisekisa ukuba uthungelwano olubalulekileyo lonxibelelwano alubi yimbangela yeengozi ezinkulu zoshishino. Ngokungafaniyo ne-rugged orizixhobo ezikhusela imozulu, ezi yunithi zikhethekileyo zakhiwe ukuze zithintele ukuqhuma kwangaphakathi kwaye zithintele ukuba zingasasazeki kwindawo enobungozi engqongileyo.

Iingozi zonxibelelwano kunye nokuvezwa ngexesha lokungasebenzi

Umngcipheko oyintloko wokusebenza kwiindawo ezinobungozi uvela kwii-arcs zombane kunye neentlantsi eziveliswa ngexesha lokusebenza kwefowuni eqhelekileyo, njengomatshini wokukhalisa, ukuphakamisa ii-handset (i-hook switch), okanye ukusebenzisana kwekhiphedi. Kwiindawo ezishushu apho uxinzelelo lwezinto ezinokutsha ludlula uMda oPhantsi woQhuma (i-LEL)—oqhele ukujongwa kwimida engaphezulu kwe-10% ye-LEL—isixhobo sonxibelelwano esiqhelekileyo sinokubonelela ngamandla aneleyo okutshisa. Ngaphaya kwesoyikiso sokhuseleko olukhawulezileyo kubasebenzi, ukuvezwa kwemali kokusilela kwezixhobo kukhulu. Kwicandelo lokugrumba nge-petrochemical kunye nolwandle, ixesha lokungasebenzi elingalindelekanga elibangelwa kukusilela konxibelelwano okanye ukuvalwa kokhuseleko kunokubangela iindleko eziqala kwi-$20,000 ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-$100,000 ngeyure.

Apho zivumelekileyo khona urhwebo

Ukusasazwa kweefowuni ezithintela ukuqhuma kuyathetheleleka kwezorhwebo kwiindawo apho amathuba okuba kubekho imozulu eqhumayo afuna ukuthotyelwa ngokungqongqo kwemigaqo yendawo enobungozi. Iifektri zokucoca, izityalo zokucubungula iikhemikhali, iilifti zengqolowa, kunyeimisebenzi yokwemba phantsi komhlabazimela amacandelo aphambili okwamkelwa. Nangona inkcitho yokuqala yenkunzi (iCapEx) yesixhobo esikhusela ukuqhuma iphezulu kakhulu kuneyezixhobo eziqhelekileyo zoshishino, utyalo-mali luqinisekiswa ngokunciphisa uxanduva olubi, ukuthobela iimfuno zomshuwalense onyanzelekileyo, kunye nokuthintela ukumisa ukusebenza kwezixhobo ezigunyazisiweyo ngabahloli bokhuseleko.

Ubungqina Bokuqhushumba Xa kuthelekiswa Neefowuni Eziqhelekileyo Zemizi-mveliso

Umahluko phakathi kobungqina bokuqhuma kunye nomgangatho oqhelekileyoifowuni yemizi-mvelisoIsiseko sayo sixhomekeke kwifilosofi yoyilo. Nangona iifowuni zemizi-mveliso eziqhelekileyo zigxile ngokupheleleyo ekuqineni—ukuxhathisa ukungena kwamanzi, ukuchaphazeleka, kunye nokugqwala—iindlela ezithintela ukuqhuma zongeza umaleko oyimfuneko wokuthintela ukutsha kunye nokuthintela ukuqhuma kwangaphakathi.

Uyilo lwendawo ebiyelweyo kunye nokuthintela ukutsha

Iifowuni eziqhelekileyo zoshishino zihlala zisebenzisa i-polycarbonate okanye i-metallic enclosures eqhelekileyo eyenzelwe ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho ye-NEMA 4X okanye ye-IP66. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iifowuni ezingakwaziyo ukuqhuma zine-enclosures ezinzima ezenziwe nge-aluminium alloy engenathusi, intsimbi engagqwaliyo, okanye i-Glass-Reinforced Polyester (GRP) ekhethekileyo enobukhulu bodonga obuhlala budlula i-15mm. Uphawu lobunjineli olucacileyo "yindlela yelangatye." Ukuba igesi eqhumayo ingena kwindawo egqunyiweyo kwaye ivuthelwa yinxalenye yombane yangaphakathi, indlela yelangatye isebenza njengomsantsa ochanekileyo woomatshini. Lo msantsa unyanzela iigesi ezikhulayo nezivuthayo ukuba ziphole ngaphantsi kobushushu bokutsha kwe-atmosphere yangaphandle ngaphambi kokuba ziphume kwindawo egqunyiweyo.

Iinkcukacha zokusebenza eziphambili

Iinkcukacha zokusebenza kweeyunithi ezikhusela ukuqhuma kufuneka zilinganise ukhuseleko kunye nokuthembeka kokusebenza kwiindawo ezinengxolo ephezulu. Ezi zixhobo zihlala zine-Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) edlula iiyure ezingama-50,000 ukunciphisa ukungenelela kokugcinwa kwiindawo ezinobungozi. Ukusebenza kwe-acoustic nako kubalulekile; iifowuni ezikhusela ukuqhuma zihlala zixhotyiswe ngeemakrofoni ezirhoxisa ingxolo kunye nee-amplifier ezidibeneyo ezikwaziyo ukuhambisa ivolumu yeringer ukusuka kwi-85 dB ukuya kwi-110 dB, ukuqinisekisa ukuvakala koomatshini abanzima. Ukunyamezela ubushushu bokusebenza kubanzi kakhulu, kudla ngokulinganiswa ukusuka kwi--40°C ukuya kwi-+70°C, ngelixa iifowuni eziqhelekileyo zoshishino zingasoloko zisebenza ngokuthembekileyo ngaphaya kwe--20°C ukuya kwi-+55°C.

Amanqaku okuthelekisa ecaleni

Ukuze kucaciswe ngokucacileyo umahluko wobunjineli, le matrix ilandelayo ithelekisa iimpawu eziphambili zezixhobo zonxibelelwano zemizi-mveliso eziqhelekileyo kunye nezixhobo zazo ezikwaziyo ukumelana nokuqhuma.

Iimfuneko zokuthobela imithetho kunye neziqinisekiso

Ukuthenga izixhobo kwiindawo ezinobungozi kulawulwa yimithetho engqongqo. Ucingo olungenakuqhuma luqatshelwa kuphela ukuba luneziqinisekiso ezifanelekileyo eziqinisekiswe ziilabhoratri zovavanyo ezivunyiweyo zomntu wesithathu. Isiqinisekiso sokuziqinisekisa asivumelekanga ngokusemthethweni kwizixhobo ezifakwe kwiindawo ezinobungozi obukhulu.

Imigangatho ye-ATEX, i-IECEx, i-NEC, i-UL, kunye neyengingqi

Izikhokelo zomthetho zehlabathi zimisela imigangatho ethile yesiqinisekiso ngokusekelwe kwindawo kunye nohlobo lwesixhobo. EYurophu nakwamanye amazwe, imigangatho ye-ATEX kunye ne-IECEx iyasebenza, ibeka iindawo ngokweendawo. Isiqinisekiso seZone 1 sibonisa ukuba isixhobo sikhuselekile kwiindawo apho imozulu eqhumayo inokwenzeka khona ekusebenzeni okuqhelekileyo (ngesiqhelo ikhona phakathi kweeyure ezili-10 kunye ne-1,000 ngonyaka). EMantla Melika, iNational Electrical Code (NEC) kunye ne-Underwriters Laboratories (UL) zisebenzisa inkqubo yeClass/Division, apho iClass I, iDivision 1 imele indawo efanayo enomngcipheko ophezulu. Imigangatho yobugcisa esisiseko, efana nothotho lwe-IEC 60079, ilawula iiparameter zovavanyo ezichanekileyo zeendawo ezivalekileyo ezingatshiyo (Ex d) kunye neesekethe ezikhuselekileyo ngaphakathi (Ex i).

Abathengi bamaxwebhu kufuneka bawaqinisekise

Iingcali zokuthenga kunye neenjineli zesiza kufuneka ziqinisekise ngononophelo amaxwebhu esiqinisekiso ngaphambi kokufakwa. Amaxwebhu abalulekileyo aquka iSibhengezo sokuThotyelwa (iDoC) kunye nesatifikethi esisemthethweni esikhutshwe yiBhunga eliNikiweyo (njengeTÜV, iPTB, okanye iUL). Abathengi kufuneka babhekisele kwi-"Ex marking" ethile kwipleyiti yegama lesixhobo (umz., i-Ex db eb IIC T6 Gb) kunye nedosi yohlu lweendawo ezinobungozi zesakhiwo. I-"T-Class" (iKlasi yoBushushu) ibaluleke kakhulu; umlinganiselo we-T6 uqinisekisa ukuba ubushushu bomphezulu wangaphandle wefowuni abuyi kudlula kwi-85°C, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ayinakuvutha iigesi ezinamaqondo obushushu aphantsi okuzitshisa ngokuzenzekelayo, njenge-carbon disulfide.

Ukufakelwa, Iindleko zoMjikelo woBomi, kunye noLondolozo

Ixabiso lilonke lobunini (i-TCO) lonxibelelwano olungenakuqhuma ludlulela ngaphaya kwexabiso lokuqala lokuthenga. Iinkcukacha, iinkqubo zokufakela ezikhethekileyo, kunye neeshedyuli zokugcinwa ezingqongqo zichaphazela kakhulu uqoqosho lomjikelo wobomi benkqubo.

Indlela yokuchaza ifowuni efanelekileyo

Ukucacisa isixhobo esichanekileyo kufuna ukulungelelanisa ubuchwepheshe kunye nesiseko senethiwekhi esibanzi sesakhiwo. Abathengi kufuneka bakhethe phakathi kweenkqubo ze-analog zemveli, ezidla ngokufuna iingcingo zekopolo ezizinikeleyo, kunye nezanamhlanje.Iifowuni zeVoIP/SIPIimodeli zeVoIP zisebenzisa iinethiwekhi zeEthernet ezikhoyo kwaye zihlala zisebenzisa iPower over Ethernet (PoE), nto leyo enciphisa isidingo see-conduit zamandla ezahlukeneyo. Ngelixa iifowuni eziqhelekileyo zoshishino zihlala zibiza phakathi kwe-$300 kunye ne-$800, iimodeli ezikhusela ukuqhuma ziqala kwi-$1,500 ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-$3,500 ngeyunithi nganye kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezivalekileyo kunye neprotocol (Analog vs. VoIP). Ngaphezu koko, ii-specifiers kufuneka zichonge ukuba ngaba ii-assistant peripherals, ezifana nee-acoustic hoods ezikhusela ukuqhuma okanye ii-strobe beacons zangaphandle, ziyafuneka na ukuhlangabezana nomlinganiselo wesignali-kwingxolo we-15-decibel ofunekayo ngokwemigangatho yokhuseleko lomsebenzi.

Izinto eziqwalaselwayo xa kufakwa kwaye kugcinwa

Ukufakwa kwiindawo ezinobungozi kulawulwa ziinkqubo ezingqongqo ezingenakudlula. Zonke iintambo ezifakiweyo kufuneka zisebenzise iintambo eziqinisekisiweyo ezingatshiyo, ezivalwe ngeekhompawundi ezikhethekileyo ukuthintela ukuhamba kwegesi kwiindlela zombane. Intambo enye evalwe ngendlela engafanelekanga iphelisa isiqinisekiso sesixhobo sonke. Nje ukuba ifakiwe, ukugcinwa kwayo kulawulwa yimigangatho efana ne-IEC 60079-17, eyalela ukuba kuhlolwe rhoqo. Ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo kudla ngokufuneka rhoqo kwiinyanga ezi-6 ukuya kwezi-12, ngelixa uhlolo oluneenkcukacha lweendlela zomlilo kunye nokuqina kwento ebiyelweyo kufuneka lwenziwe ubuncinci rhoqo kwiinyanga ezingama-36 ngabasebenzi abaqinisekisiweyo. Ukusilela ukugcina ezi rekhodi kunokubangela izohlwayo eziqatha zomthetho.

Indlela Abathengi Abafanele Bathathe Isigqibo Ngayo

Ukukhetha izixhobo zonxibelelwano ezifanelekileyo kufuna uvavanyo olusebenzayo lweengozi zokwenyani zesiza xa kuthelekiswa nohlahlo-lwabiwo mali lokusebenza. Ukuchaza ngokugqithisileyo izixhobo kukhokelela ekuchithekeni kwemali engeyomfuneko, ngelixa ukungachazi ngokwaneleyo kubiza amatyala amakhulu kwezomthetho nokhuseleko.

Xa ifowuni eqhelekileyo yemizi-mveliso yanele

Ucingo oluqhelekileyo lwemizi-mvelisoyanele ngokupheleleyo "kwiindawo eziKhuselekileyo" ezikhethiweyo ngaphakathi kwisakhiwo semizi-mveliso. Ezi ziquka amagumbi olawulo aphakathi, iiofisi zolawulo, iindawo zokuphumla kwabasebenzi, kunye nemigangatho yokuvelisa ngokubanzi apho amathuba okuqokelelwa kwegesi eqhumayo okanye uthuli yi-0% LEL kuphela. Iifowuni eziqinileyo eziqhelekileyo zibonelela ngokhuseleko olufunekayo kumswakama ophezulu, ukungcola kweekhemikhali, kunye nemiphumo yomzimba ngaphandle kwentlawulo ephezulu enxulumene nokugcinwa kokuqhuma. Ukuba uhlalutyo lweengozi lwesakhiwo lubonisa indawo engachazwanga, ukusebenzisa isixhobo esilinganiselweyo akuniki nzuzo yokusebenza.

Iikhrayitheriya zokugqibela zokukhetha

Xa kugqityezelwa icebo lokuthenga, abathengi kufuneka basebenzise imatriki yesigqibo esakhiweyo ukuvavanya iimfuno ezithile zendawo nganye yokufakela. Iikhrayitheriya eziphambili zijikeleza ukuthotyelwa komthetho, ubunzima bendalo, kunye nokuhambelana kwenethiwekhi.

Izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe

• Izigqibo ezibalulekileyo kunye nesizathu seeFowuni eziQinisekisa ukuQhuma
• Iinkcukacha, ukuthobela imithetho, kunye nokuhlolwa komngcipheko okufuneka kuqinisekiswe ngaphambi kokuba uzibophelele
• Amanyathelo alandelayo asebenzayo kunye nezilumkiso abafundi abanokuzisebenzisa ngoko nangoko

Imibuzo ebuzwa qho

Ndingayikhetha nini ifowuni ekwaziyo ukumelana nokuqhuma endaweni yefowuni eqhelekileyo yemizi-mveliso?

Sebenzisa ifowuni engaqhumiyo kwiindawo ezinobungozi ezinegesi etshayo, umphunga, okanye uthuli, njengeendawo zokucocisa, izityalo zeekhemikhali, iindawo zokutya okuziinkozo, kunye nemigodi. Iifowuni eziqhelekileyo zoshishino zenzelwe iindawo ezingengobungozi kuphela.

Yintoni umahluko omkhulu wokhuseleko phakathi kweefowuni ezikhusela ukuqhuma kunye neefowuni eziqhelekileyo zemizi-mveliso?

Iifowuni ezithintela ukuqhuma zenzelwe ukugcina iintlantsi zangaphakathi okanye ukuqhuma kwaye ziyeke ukutsha ngaphandle kwendawo evalekileyo. Iifowuni eziqhelekileyo zoshishino ikakhulu zibonelela ngokuqina emanzini, uthuli, ukutshayiswa, kunye nokugqwala.

Zeziphi iziqinisekiso ekufuneka ndizijonge phambi kokuba ndithenge ifowuni engakwaziyo ukuqhuma?

Qinisekisa ukuba ifowuni iyahambelana nohlelo lwesiza sakho kwaye inemvume efunekayo efana ne-ATEX, kunye nolawulo lomgangatho oluhambelana ne-CE, i-FCC, i-ROHS, kunye ne-ISO9001. Soloko uqinisekisa ukufaneleka kweZone okanye iCandelo ngaphambi kokufakwa.

Ngaba iifowuni ezithintela ukuqhuma zifanelekile kwiindawo zoshishino ezingxolayo zangaphandle?

Ewe. Iimodeli ezininzi zenzelwe iindawo ezinobungozi ezinokhuselo lwe-IP66/IP67, iimakrofoni ezirhoxisa ingxolo, kunye neeringi ezivakalayo ezimalunga ne-85–110 dB, ezinceda ukugcina unxibelelwano olucacileyo kufutshane noomatshini abanzima.

Kutheni ufuna iifowuni ezingangenisi ukuqhuma ezivela eSiniwo?

I-Siniwo ibonelela ngeenkonzo zonxibelelwano lwemizi-mveliso ezinikezelwa kwindawo enye, ukusuka kuyilo kunye nokudibanisa ukuya ekufakweni nasekugcinweni. Ukuveliswa kwayo ngaphakathi kwezinto ezininzi eziphambili kuxhasa umgangatho ozinzileyo, ukuhanjiswa okuthembekileyo, kunye nenkxaso yeprojekthi yehlabathi.